Heathrow Airport Expansion: 2025 Proposals
In January 2025 the government said it would support proposals for a third runway at Heathrow airport. AEF and local campaign groups have expressed their sheer frustration and sadness that plans for a third runway at Heathrow are back on the political agenda. Expanding Heathrow airport is one of the most destructive infrastructure projects the government could consider, and the evidence is thin that it would generate the level of economic growth the Chancellor envisages. Many years have already been spent fighting this project in previous guises, and it is disappointing that campaigners find themselves back in this situation once more.
AEF said increasing capacity at Heathrow airport will be a disaster for local communities, who would see an extra 250,000 flights arriving at the airport every year – that’s 700 more a day. Local people will see their lives blighted by more noise, more congestion from travel to the airport, and an increase in highly damaging air pollution.
The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Rachel Reeves, said:
a third runway at Heathrow would unlock further growth, boost investment, increase exports, and make the UK more open and more connected as part of our Plan for Change.
The government has invited the airport to bring forward expansion proposals “by the summer”, noting that any expansion must be delivered “in line with the UK’s legal, climate, and environmental obligations”.
Heathrow Airport Limited (HAL), the company that operates the airport, has said that it will share its proposals for a third runway with the government by summer, and has the aim of securing planning permission before the end of this Parliament.
HAL has told the BBC that a third runway at Heathrow could mean an increase from 75 million passengers per annum (mppa) to around 140 mppa. It is extremely worrying that HAL is not yet clear what the impact may be in terms of additional greenhouse gas emissions, noise and air pollution.
Planning process
A project as big as Heathrow expansion would need to follow the planning process for a nationally significant infrastructure project (NSIP). This means that instead of being determined by a local planning authority, planning permissions would be granted by central government, via a development consent order. This would ultimately need to be determined by the Secretary of State for Transport, (currently Heidi Alexander) following examination by the government’s Planning Inspectorate.
For certain types of national infrastructure development there are National Policy Statements (NPSs) in place. An NPS sets out the policy rationale and ‘need’ for a development and the criteria that the relevant Secretary of State uses to assess an application for a development consent order.
For Heathrow, there is such an NPS: the Airport National Policy Statement, which was designated as government policy in 2018 following a vote in the House of Commons. This gave provisional support for a new north-west runway at Heathrow.
Parliamentary involvement
The government has said the Airports NPS will be reviewed “at speed” if and when HAL submits new expansion proposals, and that it is possible that the Airports NPS might need to be amended if HAL’s proposals are substantially different from those envisaged in 2018.
If the Airports NPS is amended, it will undergo public consultation and parliamentary scrutiny by a select committee before being ‘designated’ as policy, like any other new or amended NPS. The government would not be obliged to schedule a debate in Parliament and there is no automatic requirement for a parliamentary vote.
Reaction to announcement
Environmental groups such as AEF, Friends of the Earth and the climate charity Possible said they opposed expansion as it would further contribute to climate change. The government has said that, according to its analysis, it can achieve net zero aviation by 2050 without intervening to limit airport expansion.
Of course Airlines UK, the trade body for UK registered airlines, welcomed the government’s announcement on Heathrow expansion. The Leader of the Opposition, Kemi Badenoch, has said she would support expansion, as have a range of business groups and sections of the travel industry.
Some airlines and Heathrow-based businesses have expressed concern that HAL already charges them high fees (including landing charges and fees for parking and access to utilities) and that the costs of building a new runway will mean these fees may rise and be passed onto passengers and customers.
AEF concludes, that expanding Heathrow is not a silver bullet for economic growth today for many reasons, one of the strongest being that the airport has not even submitted a planning application. This is a long process that will require an application for a Development Consent Order and period of public examination, and possible legal challenges, and the UK’s aviation planning framework – the Airports National Policy Statement – would first need to be updated to bring it up to date with Net Zero and to be aligned with the Paris Agreement. Even if the airport does gain planning permission, it would still need to use compulsory purchase orders for 800 homes on the airport boundary. We estimate that any benefit to the economy would not be felt until the late 2030s.